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In Jembesa, demonstrative determiners are same as demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns function as a noun or noun phrase; on the other hand, demonstrative determiners function as an adjective. Despite thier functions, they are not classified as adjectives due to the fact that they don't end with adjectival suffix -o or -ö. They are classified as … Continue reading Demonstrative Determiners
Interrogative pronoun refers to non-specific beings, objects, places, time and quantity through question. Interrogative Pronouns ke 1. ke is used to ask for information specifying something; furthermore, it is equal to English pronoun 'what'. ke oller menaf;'What is your neame?' 2. ke is used to ask for information specifying one or more people or things … Continue reading Interrogative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronoun is used to indicate its referent's location spatially, temporally, or abstractly in relation to the discourse context. Languages are divided into two categories according to their distinction of demonstratives. Some languages, such as English, French and Chinese, make two-way distinction: proximal and distal. Others, such as Turkish, Spanish and Japanese, make three-way distinction: … Continue reading Demonstrative Pronouns
Reciprocal pronoun is used to express mutual action or relationship, and it is equal to English pronouns 'each other' and 'one another'. In Jembesa, reciprocal pronoun is jelka, and it is used for only dual and plural forms of personal pronouns. Ist Person Dual munoujellet jedoj pinnezzät jelgalla nődestä hilvän sébassa.'We were even too tired … Continue reading Reciprocal Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun is used to refer to subject of the clause, and it is equal to English -self version pronouns, e.g. myself, yourself, himself etc. In Jembesa, reflexive pronoun is jelha, and it is used for all the personal pronouns. Ist Person Singular möüner ulven jelhanna ken i welluramanto-jabellardesso-je ollen saife ella tavvan húmellan astas.'I … Continue reading Reflexive Pronoun
Pronoun is a word which substitutes for a noun phrase. In Jembesa, there are seven kinds of pronouns: personal, possessive, reflexive, reciprocal, demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative. A pronoun can be marked with some features which a noun can take on: number, case, and enclitic; e.g. munnattu 'to both of us, too?' [1st person dual + illative case … Continue reading Part of Speech (Pronoun)
Enclitic An enclitic is added onto a word to fulfil some meanings. Jembesa has 7 enclitics: -lla, -llä, -t, -?et This enclitic simply means 'too'. -lla or -llä is used for nominative case; while -t is used for the cases ending with a vowel, and -?et is used for the cases ending with a consonant. (Question … Continue reading Enclitic
simewoidesHave a Nice Weekend Essive Case (-j) A word in essive case takes -j suffix, and it expresses a temporary state or function. Moreover it gives the meaning of English preposition 'as'. peruta: lodger > perudaj: as lodger / peruduj: as two lodgers / perudej: as lodgers => noller ejenta i perudej. 'We are lodgers … Continue reading Grammatical Case V
Allative Case (-ssa, -ssä) A word in allative case takes -ssa or -ssä suffix according to the vowel harmony, and it expresses the direction of motion onto something. Moreover, it gives the meaning of English preposition 'onto'. naita: table > naidassa: onto table / naidussa: onto two tables / naidessa: onto tables => ajodet j'ödeliän … Continue reading Grammatical Case IV
pomasGood Afternoon Illative Case (-nna, -nnä) A word in illative case takes -nna or -nnä suffix according to vowel harmony, and it expresses the direction of movement into something. Moreover, it gives the meaning of English preposition 'into'. sanka: house > sanganna: into house / sangunna: into two houses / sangenna: into houses => j'opra it … Continue reading Grammatical Case III
Jembesa 