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In Jembesa, possessivity is divided into two categories: possessive suffixes and possessive pronouns. Possessive Suffixes Possessive suffixes are added onto the words in noun class, and they turn into the forms in brakets under the process of affixation. Possessive Suffixes in Jembesa Ist Person Singular [-m(a/ä-)]:-m suffix is added onto the word in nominative form, … Continue reading Possessivity
Pronoun is a word which substitutes for a noun phrase. In Jembesa, there are seven kinds of pronouns: personal, possessive, reflexive, reciprocal, demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative. A pronoun can be marked with some features which a noun can take on: number, case, and enclitic; e.g. munnattu 'to both of us, too?' [1st person dual + illative case … Continue reading Part of Speech (Pronoun)
Grammatical article is a word type which is used with noun phrases, and there are two types of articles in Jembesa: definite and indefinite/partitive articles. Definite Article (i/j') Definite article is used to refer to a particular thing which has already been mentioned, or is known commonly. In Jembesa, articles is placed initially in a … Continue reading Part of Speech (Article)
Enclitic An enclitic is added onto a word to fulfil some meanings. Jembesa has 7 enclitics: -lla, -llä, -t, -?et This enclitic simply means 'too'. -lla or -llä is used for nominative case; while -t is used for the cases ending with a vowel, and -?et is used for the cases ending with a consonant. (Question … Continue reading Enclitic
simewoidesHave a Nice Weekend Essive Case (-j) A word in essive case takes -j suffix, and it expresses a temporary state or function. Moreover it gives the meaning of English preposition 'as'. peruta: lodger > perudaj: as lodger / peruduj: as two lodgers / perudej: as lodgers => noller ejenta i perudej. 'We are lodgers … Continue reading Grammatical Case V
Allative Case (-ssa, -ssä) A word in allative case takes -ssa or -ssä suffix according to the vowel harmony, and it expresses the direction of motion onto something. Moreover, it gives the meaning of English preposition 'onto'. naita: table > naidassa: onto table / naidussa: onto two tables / naidessa: onto tables => ajodet j'ödeliän … Continue reading Grammatical Case IV
pomasGood Afternoon Illative Case (-nna, -nnä) A word in illative case takes -nna or -nnä suffix according to vowel harmony, and it expresses the direction of movement into something. Moreover, it gives the meaning of English preposition 'into'. sanka: house > sanganna: into house / sangunna: into two houses / sangenna: into houses => j'opra it … Continue reading Grammatical Case III
labesHave a Good Day Instrumental-Comitative Case (-lla, -llä) A word in instrumental-comitative case takes -lla or -llä suffix according to vowel harmony, and it is the combination of instrumental case and comitative case. The former expresses the means or instrument with which something is done, while the latter denotes accompaniment. For both of the cases, English … Continue reading Grammatical Case II
ollesHi Grammatical case is 'any of the forms of a noun, adjective, or pronoun that express the semantic relation of the word to other words in the phrase, clause, or sentence.' Jembesa has 15 grammatical cases: nominative, genitive, accusative, vocative, instrumental-comitative, abessive, concerning, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, essive, and agentive. In this chapter, … Continue reading Grammatical Case I
keresGood Evening Traditionally, we can classify words according to their functions in a sentence such as noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb etc. We call this classification 'part of speech', or 'word class'. In Jembesa, we can mention two great word classes: noun and verb. The former includes noun, determiner, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and … Continue reading Part of Speech (Noun)
Jembesa 